Red Bull Case Study

Q1. The pure and strong cola drink comes with all power packs. By looking at Red bull cola drink and its profile, I would prefer to target two market segments specifically; behavourial and psychographic. I will pre-dominantly be focusing at behavourial segmentation. As it going to speak much about product’s quality. BEHAVOURIAL SEGMENTATION: Behavourial segmentation is the major segmentation which I would like to focus in order to be succeeded in capturing market. The very vital point through I feel that market of Red Bull cola can flourish is the quality and awareness to people of its product. QUALITY: Red bull cola that holds natural and pure ingredients plus there are no sweeteners, preservatives and artificial colour in the drink. Just a simple dedicated pure drink which enhance the quality of brand. Product quality must be differentiation point from competitors. ?AWARENESS: This is perhaps the best option where Red Bull cola can flourish their self. One way or another; th is is the most important part of segmentation. This is where they have to get their strategy right, Red bull cola making awareness to particularly people of UK, who are very conscious about their health and diet. The message which can be send by Red Bull cola about their drink is that; it is fully designed to people’s preference diet. As it is the only drink which contains the original kola nut and coca leaf with more caffeine that helps people to stay active in their day to day life. There is no artificial colour, preservatives and sweeterners. Therefore, it is build to serve your health most than other cola drinks. It’s ‘100% natural and strong’. PSYCHOGRAPHIC: Marketers are increasingly segmenting their market on consumer’s lifestyle. Red Bull cola must also target psychographic segments as it appeals to be iconic brand. They have more focus on life style and social class of people. They are trying to be trendy. ?SOCIAL CLASS: I would further like to divide social class into disco club, gig, sporting venues and musical concerts. Red bull segmenting social class may also prove to be a fruitful venture. This segment target those people who loves to go gigs, concert, sporting venues and disco clubs. Red bull cola will be main organizers of above areas and that create an icon in consumers mind about Red Bull cola essentials. ?LIFE STYLE: The reason I have chosen lifestyle segmentation is because the people of UK more renown as the nation who loves to be healthy and fit. Perhaps we can say them mainstreams, these people need security. They will buy well known, safe brands and avoid risk. Therefore Red Bull cola is just tailor made for those who loves to go secure. Red Bull cola is 100% pure and strong and dismiss the philosophy of artificial flavour. You can take it with you on exercise, you can use it as appealing product. Red Bull brand name says it all. Q2. Red bull cola wants to sparkle in a way with their product ingredients information. Therefore, their message is clear; they want to captualize the market on basis of pureness and naturalism of their product. As they have used slogan â€Å"strong and natural† prominently. According to them â€Å"we use high quality, authentic ingredients that create a greater tasting out of other cola†. However, Red bull campaign for their energy drink went successful when represent their brand by cartonize advertisement and appealing slogan â€Å"Red bull gives you wings†. Red Bull Cola marketing campaign much focusing strategically on psychographic segmentation particularly than any other segment. 00% natural ingredients may get customer toward them but high caffeine; once again prove to be a barrier in their targeting customer. Before I get to strategic segments let me post the article which Red Bull cola has disclosed. â€Å"LONDON: Red bull unveils ? 2 million campaigns for simply cola – Red Bull is rolling out a ? 2m marketing drive to support its e ntry into the ultra-competitive cola market, which will push the naturalness of the product† – DATED: June 08. STRATEGIC SEGMENTS: Market and service segments which require changes in marketing mix can be distinguished from strategic segments. Strategic segments are those segments which are aligned by company for long period of return. In other words they look out for longer vision of company which compromises strategic planning. They can by outlined by 4 P’s, let me explain the Red Bull Cola’s strategy on 4P’s which I believe they belong to. 4 P’s; product, price, promotion and place. ?PRODUCT: This is the very important point and red bull cola trying a lot to stick with it. Product’s information, as they defines it’s a 100% natural product, contains no artificial colour, sweeteners and preservatives. Truly a pure blend of 100% natural sources. Perhaps, they want to create product differentiation from competitors by adding natural ingredients, this is where they strengthening their product knowledge. This is where their main target is; to catch the market on the basis of product quality. Thus, for that they have to put the message right to the people. However, product is sold in 25cl and 35. 5cl cans, and it also comes in multipack of containing 4 bottles in it. ?PRICE: Price which are red bull cola charging is varying in different stores, Tesco selling it at ? 1. 0, Waitrose selling at ? 1. 20 and Budgens at ? 1. 09. By looking out the prices they are charging we can say that they are charging premium price for their product where as their giant competitors (PEPSI and COCA-COLA) sell their cola drink mostly on 60pence. Therefore, they are charging almost double of their competitors drink. The value added for their premium price is that red bull cola blended from 100% natural sour ces â€Å"Strong and Natural. † ?PROMOTION: Red bull cola, particularly promoting their drink by slogan â€Å"Natural drink†; through which customers normally are attracted. They have achieved a great amount of success by setting energy drink slogan â€Å"Red bull gives you wings†. However, as far as their promotion activities are concern, they are putting banners and advertisement in almost every store, and also offering free fridge to stores for placing their cola drink in unique and catchy way for customer. ?PLACE: The product is also in clubs, bars, restaurants and stores. Whereas Coca-Cola and Pepsi cola drink are normally not available in most of clubs and bars; where they have targeted places like clubs and bars. As per red bull cola’s initial strategy was capture the people who attends musical and sporting events, thus in cola drink they are also targeting the same genre. CONCLUDING 4P’s STRATEGY OF RED BULL COLA: The main thing which I have observed that Red Bull Cola targeting is specifically product and promotion. Even though they are not emphasizing enough on price and place. Product information which underlay product topic plays evenly crucial and important role to push Red Bull Cola one step ahead of competitors. However for that they have to get promotion strategy right. Q3. How is Red Bull differentiated from its competitors? Red Bull Cola is differentiates itself in four main ways from its competitors (Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola). Those four ways are ingredients, taste, appearance and price. INGREDIENTS: The Red Bull Cola drink is only cola drink which contains original coca leaf and kola nut. Other ingredients which they have used are; †¢Galangal †¢Lemon/Lime †¢Vanilla †¢Cinnamon †¢Cardamom †¢Orange †¢Corn mint ea †¢Ginger †¢Mace †¢Coca †¢Mustard seeds. †¢Clove †¢Liquorice †¢Pine Whereas, Pepsi and Coca-Cola use ingredients like caffeine, caramel flavour, natural flavour, phosphoric acid, carbonated water and high fructose corn syrup (sugar). TASTE: Apparently the taste of Red Bull Cola is much different than the taste of its competitors, and that is quite understandable as well, as Red Bull Cola contains original sources of Cola drink; like original coca leaf and kola nut. In my survey; which is enclosed at the end of question 5, lot of people are quite surprised to taste original cola drink taste (Red Bull cola) as they were very much addicted of Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola taste. APPEARENCE: The can of Red Bull cola is very much different than the can of Coca-Cola and Pepsi cola. Pepsi and Coca-Cola has almost same type of can. However, Red bull can is much taller and thinner in size as compared to Pepsi and Coca-Cola. PRICE: Price which is charged by Red Bull Cola drink is almost double of price which is charged by their competitors; however they are also giving value added as their drink is extracted from 100% natural sources. Q.. 4 Target market is basically a breaking of market in segments and then focusing on particular key segments. It helps business to be cost effective when 4Ps are applied within the selected or desired market segments. Red Bull Cola mainly targeting the psychographic segmentation, and at some extent Red Bull nergy drink is also targeting psychographic segmentation. Now let me explain some of the advertisement of Red Bull energy drink that has made on athletes. On their website I have seen video and testimonials of people which were something like this. A girl 24 year old doing climbing rock because she drinks red bull energy drink; she got the energy which she ever wanted. A 23 yea r old guy who's a motor cycle champion in 2008 uses same drink because he wants energy to perform exceptionally well, same with the person who is 34 year old and doing water sports. So the main theme is that if u wants to feel energy use red bull energy drinks. Whereas, Red Bull cola for those who wants to drink fresh and natural drink because Red Bull cola is made of natural ingredients, no sweeteners, no artificial flavour and no artificial colour – 100% natural. However, Red Bull GmbH targets the social and sporting events specifically to leave a note on people’s mind, for example that they proudly presents x games; in one way or another they are playing a mind game here, they are encoding a indirect message that passionate and extra ordinary athletes having a drink like Red Bull; so if you have similar passion or desire then you also try Red Bull. COMPARING TARGET MARKET: To some extent Red Bull cola and energy drink; both are falling into a same target market; as ?Both are being sold in same stores normally. ?They both are trying to capture market on basis of psychographic segmentation, as red bull cola is targeting health conscious people and red bull energy drink targeting lifestyle of people who wants to feel pure freedom, who wants to try something new, energetic and innovative generation. However both underlay in psychographic segmentation. Both drinks are meant to boost up energy level. One is â€Å"Strong and Natural† so other is mainly energy drink. ?Both products are proud organizers of musical, games and social events. POSITIONING: Positing is simply that how customer recall your product. By looking Red Bull Cola slogan â€Å"Natural and Strong† one can say; whenever customer think about original cola drink; first thing which they will get in their mind is Red Bull Cola drink as it is 100% natural. Whereas, Red Bull energy drink has now a firm grasp in world as one of leading energy drink, therefore whenever some one think about energy then he must think about Red Bull energy drink, further more their slogan says it all which is proving to be a very successful slogan for capturing market â€Å"Red Bull Gives You Wings. † Q5. Through my research and findings, I came to this point that red bull cola can not survive for long in market. There is not reason but reasons that can leave red bull’s step of introducing cola in vain. Many have come and many have failed in sector of cola. After my qualitative research I would like to mention the things which are potential threats to red bull cola’s fancy entry, competitors, alternatives of product, price, taste and expectations. First thing which is consistently giving red signal to red bull cola entry is their giant competitors; Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola. The reason I all them giant competitors is because they are the oldest companies in cola sector and has world wide distribution mechanism. Through their product life they have targeted the every market segmentation; plus they hold customer loyalty status that has positive response to their cola drinks. Second thing which is bothering to Red Bull Cola at the moment is alternatives to a product. Basically we can say it change of people preference culture. As per healthy requirement; people are now moving to a product which offers more nutrition and energy; just like natural fruit drink and energy drinks. Thus change in preference culture has not only affected the Red Bull cola but also to giant companies (Pepsi and Coca Cola); as their profits of last two year has slimed. But at this point, some may say this is the right time to capture market but I personally dismiss this idea. Thirdly, their pricing strategy didn’t work out properly. In other words, barrier from Red Bull cola to their customer is high ‘price’. Even if above two threats (competitors and alternatives to product) satisfy the product needs – still price problem will stand firm. Therefore, product’s price is not at good value. Fourth thing which I want to languish here is the taste of Red Bull Cola differs a lot from the taste of others cola drinks. People are so used to taste of Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola that even if they taste pure cola like Red Bull Cola they dismiss its taste preference. Now last and final threat through which I think they can’t be succeeded into the UK market is that they haven’t lived up to the people’s expectation. People were expecting something innovative and energetic from Red Bull Company, but unfortunately it hasn’t come out to be a product which people were expecting. However, bottom line is that Red Bull Cola has come up with flop strategy that seriously need to be reviewed because the threats that are standing as barrier for Red Bull Cola for flourishing in markets are very competitive and strong.

Hybrid vs Conventional Vehicles Essay

Today’s universe is a universe where everyone has to be someplace at a certain clip. This means you normally have to go to acquire at that place. What I normally do to acquire someplace is to acquire in my truck and thrust at that place myself in my conventional truck. There are many obstructions that I run into when I have to drive though. Gas. energy. and the air pollution my truck causes are merely some of the jobs with this. A intercrossed vehicle would assist me out with all of these jobs. I think that intercrossed vehicles are much more efficient and have manner more positives than a conventional auto. Whenever you think about driving. what is the 1 most of import thing that comes to mind? For me. I would hold to state that gasolene is the biggest factor on whether I am able thrust someplace or non. The job with gasolene these yearss are the high monetary values ( Anderson ) . If you had a loanblend. this would non be as large of a job with a conventional auto. A batch of my gas gets wasted from holding to halt and travel in traffic and pressing the gas to acquire my engine up to the flow of traffic or up to the velocity bound. In a intercrossed auto. the engine shuts off temporarily when you are stopped in traffic in order to salvage your gas and non do you blow as much ( Anderson ) . There is no manner that you could make this with a conventional auto. This is a large positive for intercrossed autos in my sentiment. The engine temporarily closing off besides helps to salvage on energy. which is my following chief point. Conventional autos and intercrossed autos are two different things when it comes to energy. Conventional autos work by utilizing an engine and gasolene to run the vehicle. Hybrid autos are much more efficient when energy comes into drama though. There are two types of intercrossed autos that work in different ways ( Powers ) . Parallel intercrossed autos are the first type. These types use both a fuel armored combat vehicle with gasolene and a set of batteries in which both the electric motor and the engine can turn the transmittal at the same clip ( Powers ) . Series intercrossed autos are the 2nd type. In this type. the gasolene engine turns a generator and the generator either charges the batteries or powers the electric motor that is used to turn the transmittal. The electric motor gets its power from the battery but it ne'er loses all of its energy ( Powers ) . You are likely inquiring how that is. This is a technique known as regenerative braking. Regenerative braking is the recapturing of energy ( Powers ) . These intercrossed autos besides have another manner of ne'er running out of energy. The battery can besides be recharged by power from the gas engine ( Powers ) . My last point that I wanted to convey up is the air pollution factor. Air pollution is a large job in the universe today ( Garcia ) . There are many pollutants that are emitted from motor vehicles such as C dioxide. N oxides. volatile organic compounds. C monoxide. hydrocarbons. and sulfur oxides ( Garcia ) . These pollutants could impact your visibleness and your wellness every bit good ( Garcia ) . This is a really good ground to do the passage from conventional vehicles to intercrossed vehicles entirely. Why would you utilize a conventional auto. which produces many types of pollutants. over a intercrossed auto which produces barely any pollutants at all ( Garcia ) ? We would assist the environment and assist many different people out with pollution if we all choose to do the passage from conventional to hybrid. So all in all. I think you could see why holding a intercrossed auto would be more utile than holding a conventional auto. Of class we have all gotten used to driving our ain conventional autos. and we have all gotten used to traveling about and acquiring gas and normally holding to pay excessively much for it. ground being to why we should all do the passage over to the intercrossed autos. They are more efficient. less money consuming in the long tally. aid cut down on the air pollution that conventional autos put out. and should get down acquiring cheaper one time more people start change overing over to the loanblend. I think that everyone can see with all of these solutions and all of these positives that the intercrossed autos are traveling to take over more Oklahomans than subsequently. Works Cited Nice. Karim. and Julia Layton. â€Å"How Hybrid Cars Work† 20 July 2000. n. d. 16 July 2012. Garcia. Jorge. â€Å"Air Quality: Vehicle Emissions and Air Quality. † 18 Oct. 2006. Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. deq. province. Idaho. us/air/prog_issues/pollutants/vehicles. cfm ( 18 Oct. 2006 )

The Pros And Cons Of Technology - 733 Words

Technology is a distraction â€Å"Among the worst offenders were students at Queen Mary University of London, where there were 54 instances of cheating – two-thirds of which involved technology. At the University of Surrey, 19 students were caught in 2016, 12 of them with devices. Newcastle University, one the bigger institutions to provide data, reported 91 cases of cheating – 43% of which involved technology.† According to www.guardian.com Technology gets in the way of learning. The issue is that students are cheating rather than putting what they actually know and that can make that students life way harder. Cause in the future you can’t cheat everything in life. Say your kid cheated on his homework, then it comes to a test, he most†¦show more content†¦online, making it that much more difficult for teachers to know if the work their students hand in is original† according to â€Å"The Pros and Cons of Technology† by Amanda Ronan. She works with Edudemic conn ecting technology. Edudemic was created in 2010 and has grown into one of the most popular destinations to cover teaching, learning, and how technology positively shapes our education. â€Å"When you look at a recent Pew survey, you find that 98 percent of the teenagers have mobile phones. That’s up from 33 percent just in 2011. So it’s available and easy to use. If I don’t get caught and everyone else is doing it, guess what? They do it as well.† Says by Nile Nickel a technology and social media expert. â€Å"Data obtained by the Guardian through freedom of information requests found a 42% rise in cheating cases involving technology over the last four years – from 148 in 2012 to 210 in 2016. Last year, a quarter of all students caught cheating used electronic devices.† According to â€Å"Guardian through freedom of information† Yes, technology can benefit students in some ways like for the students to get their homework done faster. But do those student’s learn from it cause all they did was look up the answer and then moved on to the next question. Also kid’s do cheat a lot on their test according to The Education Testing Service/ Ad Council Campaign to Discourage Academic Cheating they say, â€Å"73% of all testShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Technology1137 Words   |  5 Pages Technology in the past three decades has developed at such an increasingly rapid rate that the last decade’s generation is defined as â€Å"being born in the technological age†. People born in the 1990s are considered the last kids to have known a life without smartphones and computer technology creeping into every aspect of their lives. There are pros and cons to technology, with most of the cons being discovered ever increasingly as people become more and more intertwined with their own personal d evicesRead MorePros And Cons Of Technology986 Words   |  4 PagesIs technology a curse or blessing? 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Without the internet, you would have to go toRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Technology1289 Words   |  6 PagesIs the technology in today’s world a positive advancement? Over the past few years technology has basically taken over our society. It isn’t just young people that use technology, it is all groups of people, that includes toddlers all the way up to elders. Technology is a major part of today’s society and makes many tasks a lot easier. One major issue with technology is that it’s abused and many people rely on it. Technology is â€Å"dumbing down† today’s society. Technology has not only been a benefitRead MorePros And Cons Of Technology874 Words   |  4 PagesModern humanity can hardly imagine life without technology. Technologies have become an integral part of people’s lives. Every day, people invent new devices or improve the existing ones. Humanity differs by their attitudes to new inventions. 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I Discovered One Of The Top Technologies For Teacher...

Planboard There are many different types of technology that may be used within the classroom to keep teachers prepared, organized and enthusiastic. Through online research I found an article published by Edudemic, a website dedicated to help promote technology within the classroom. The article is titled, 50 Education Technology Tools Every Teacher Should Know About. This is where I discovered one of the top technologies for teacher organization and lesson planning. Planboard is ranked number twenty-three overall and second in the category of ‘Lesson Planning and Tools: Use these tech tools to pull together great lessons and design amazing and memorable student projects’. Planboard Free is free to download. It includes 100 lesson plans and 25MB of storage. Planboard Pro is an upgraded version that includes unlimited lesson plans, unlimited standards, and 1GB of storage (Edshelf) Planboard is much more than just a calendar and organizer. The program allows a teacher to pla n classes, track standards and collaborate together with other teachers to form new lesson plan ideas. Planboard helps keep teachers organized but also lets them be flexible with a program that allows for easy change. Planboard is accessible anywhere, offers a completely free downloadable program and is available as an application for a smartphone and other handheld devices. Planboard helps teachers easily maintain their busy schedules from virtually anywhere with an internet connection. Planboard’sShow MoreRelatedThe Shift Of Interest From Outputs Generated By Smart Computers1414 Words   |  6 Pagesbeginning of a serious passion and engagement with technology as a discipline and a field of learning. The exciting and appealing graphics of the best virtual reality games became less significant than the design, the techniques, the algorithms and the concepts that enabled those compelling features. 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Theory of Neurosis from Karen Horney - 1721 Words

The following is an essay is based on the theory of neurosis from Karen Horney, and applied to the lead character of the movie Precious. Precious, the movie is based on the life and times of a character, Clarisse Precious Jones, who was raised in Harlem in the late 1980’s. She was raped by her father from an early age, which is revealed closer to the end of the movie, and ends up having two children from him; one of which is a â€Å"mongoloid†. Her relationship with her mother is also on rocky round and her school isn’t accepting of who she is. As the movie progresses we see that Clarisse prefers to be called by her second name, Precious, as the movie is titled. The term personality refers to the characteristics that one is made up of, the influences over time, and overall reactions that occur through different stimuli. It has been defined by different people as the theatrical mask we put on, the social dimension of the individual and the reference to who one really is. 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Horney was particularly critical of Freuds approach to women (Horney 1942). Biography Karen Horney was born in BlankenseeRead MoreAbstract. As A Young Girl In Her Adolescent, Horney Karen1382 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract As a young girl in her adolescent, Horney Karen was raised under harsh conditions as written in her diaries, her parents as she describes them as a cruel disciplinary figure held Karen s brother higher than her, this made her feel less loved and became rebellious at an early age. Lack of parental love. This could have led Karen to study more about the theory of personality, this paper, therefore, looks at Horney’s theory of personality and how one s life at a younger age affect theirRead MoreA Brief Look at Psychoanalysis788 Words   |  3 Pageschallenge, strife, and divisions, but is seen regaining vitality and dignity through multiple theories which play an important role in social psychoanalysis by trying to apply the methods of individual psychoanalysis and knowledge to a complex of social neurosis. The most important representatives of this theory: are Herbert Marcuse, Harry Sullivan, Erich Fromm, and the great American psychologists Karen Horney, who brings a great con tribution to psychology by initiating and animating the social psychoanalysisRead MoreEssay on Karen Horney V. Alfred Adler1608 Words   |  7 PagesKaren Horney and Alfred Adler are two very similar yet different neo-analytic theorists. At first glance, it may appear that Horney stole some of Adlers best ideas. It is, of course, quite conceivable that she was influenced by Adler. It is clear, for example, that Horney’s three neurotic solutions are very close to Adlers personality typology. Horney proposed a series of strategies used by neurotics to cope with other people and Adler developed a scheme of so called personality types that he intendedRead MoreWho Is The Recognized Leader Of A Significant Development?1372 Words   |  6 Pagesinteresting to note that the basis for his theory of constructive alternativism questions the reality of the self in a manner similar to Eastern/Buddhist concepts of consciousness and self. Carl Jung was dramatically influenced by the ancie nt Vedic traditions of India, and Carl Rogers, the founder of humanistic psychology, was influenced by the spiritual traditions of China. And now we have Kelly, whose theory represents the culmination of behavioral-cognitive theories, sharing a fundamental similarity withRead MoreKaren Horney1746 Words   |  7 PagesKaren Horney is one of the preeminent figures and founders of modern psychoanalysis. Although her ideas are not widely taught today or accepted as a basis of psychoanalysis in and of themselves, her ideas of social and environmental influences are â€Å"integrated into modern psychoanalysis therapies and personality development theory† (Quinn). She was a contemporary of Sigmund Freud and was one of his early followers. Yet Horney joined the class of neo-Freudians after her research and writing ledRead MoreFeminist Theory Of Neurotic Need, And Neo Freudian Psychology894 Words   |  4 PagesKaren Horney is best known for her findings of feminine psychology, t heory of neurotic need, and neo-freudian psychology. What attracted me most to Karen Horney was the relation I shared with her suffering from depression growing up. It was her findings about life and her outlook of recovering from depression that attracted her to me. She discusses the importance of everyone’s role in their own life on their mental health. Therefore, I appreciate her studies as I have been able to apply them to myRead Morekaren horney2082 Words   |  9 Pagesa path that is shown†. Karen Horney Personal life:- Karen Horney was born on September 16, 1885 (as Karen Danielson) in a village near Hamburg, Germany. She felt devoid of love from her parents. Her father preferred her brother Berndt over her. She was envious of her brother because of beauty and attention as a boy. She was smarter but she didn’t get attention by any means. This led to Horney s depression which would affect the rest of her life. In 1906, Horney entered medical schoolRead MoreNeo-Freudian Psychologists: Karen Horney1878 Words   |  8 Pagesby Freud in their theories. These psychologists studied Freud’s theories in depth and later came to somewhat reject his views. They adapted portions of his theories, but changed certain aspects of his views to make it fit their personal beliefs and studies. Karen Horney was one of the more popularized Neo-Freudians of her time and still remains as one of the most famous ones in history. Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views. This fact was very true of her theories of sexuality andRead MoreKaren Horney : Pioneer Of Feminine Psychology By Susan Tyler Hitchcock3647 Words   |  15 PagesHudson Psychology 2301/ Prof. R. Saenz 05/16/2015 Book Report I. Title/Author Karen Horney: Pioneer of Feminine Psychology by Susan Tyler Hitchcock II. Main Characters Karen Horney III. Setting/Time 1885-1952 The Life Span of Karen Horney IV. Main Theme The life and accomplishments of Karen Horney. V. Summary Karen Clementina Theodora Danielsen, was born in Germany on September 16, 1885. Born into a family of

Past Movements in Education and Analysis of Curricuar Reforms free essay sample

For an individual, it must be treated as a continuous process that should not end when graduation rites in each particular level of schooling are being held. True education is life, it must always be a part of our daily living, whether through formal or informal means. Educational systems in general, and educational curriculum in particular, also need not to be static. The curriculum should respond to the demands of a fast-changing society. To some extent, it should also be global or internationally-aligned. These are the reasons why foreign and local educational educators in the past and until now have been introducing educational reforms and innovations. They have been searching means to address the problems being met in the implementation of a certain curriculums and to ensure the total development of every learner. I. The Past Movements for Social Change in the School System Social change affects education. Centuries ago, pioneers of education have sought to introduce renewal in education. We will write a custom essay sample on Past Movements in Education and Analysis of Curricuar Reforms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their ideas were far ahead than the actual renewal that took place later on. Among them were Commenius, Condorcet, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Dewey, Drecoly, Montessori and Freinet. 1. Johann Amos Commenius -â€Å"Father of Modern Education† Most permanent educational influences: a. practical educational work Comenius was first a teacher and an organizer of schools, not only among his own people, but later in Sweden, and to a slight extent in Holland. In his Didactica Magna (Great Didactic), he outlined a system of schools that is the exact counterpart of the existing American system of kindergarten, elementary school, secondary school, college, and university. Didactica Magna is an educational treatise which aimed to seek and find a method of instruction by which teachers may teach less but learners may learn more, by which the school may be the scene of less noise, aversion, and useless labor, but of more leisure, enjoyment and solid progress; and through which the Christian community may have less darkness, perplexity (confusion) and dissension (disagreement), but on the other hand, more light, orderliness, peace and rest. b. formulating the general theory of education In this respect he is the forerunner of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, etc. and is the first to formulate that idea of â€Å"education according to nature† so influential during the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century. c. the subject matter and method of education -exerted through a series of textbooks of an entirely new nature His published works: Janua Linguarum Reserata (The Gateway of Language Unlocked) contained his convictio n (certainty) that one of the prerequisites for effective educational reform was a fundamental change in language of instruction. Orbis Pictus (The World of Sensible Things Pictured) contributed to the development of the principles of audio-visual interaction. It was the first successful applications of illustrations to the work of teaching, but not the first illustrated book for children. Schola Ludus (School as Play) a detailed exposition of the doctrine that all learning should be made interesting, dramatic and stimulating. These texts were all based on the same fundamental ideas: (1) learning foreign languages through the vernacular; (2) obtaining ideas through objects rather than words; (3) starting with objects most familiar to the child to introduce him to both the new language and the more remote world of objects: (4) giving the child a comprehensive knowledge of his environment, physical and social, as well as instruction in religious, moral, and classical subjects; (5) making this acquisition of a compendium of knowledge a pleasure rather than a task; and (6) making instruction universal. He also developed the pansophic scheme, the view that education should take the whole of human knowledge as its universe. For him, truth was indivisible and was to be seen as a whole. Thus by relating each subject to every other subject and to general principles, pansophia was to make the learner capable of wisdom. 2. Marquis De Condorcet Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat took his title Marquis de Condorcet from the town of Condorcet in Dauphine. He advocated that the aims of education were: o cultivate in each generation the physical, intellectual and moral facilities and, thereby contribute to the general and gradual improvement of the human race. He envisioned a national system of public education designed to develop the natural talents of all, making real equality possible. His proposals of the five levels of public instructions areas follows: 1. Elementary- for the teaching of the ‘elements’ of all knowledge (reading, writing, arithmetic, morals, economics and n atural science)and would be compulsory for all four years 2. Secondary school- of three years’ duration, teaching grammar, history and geography, one foreign language, the mechanical arts, law and mathematics. The teaching at this and the first level would be non-specialized. 3. Institutes- responsible for ‘substituting reasoning for eloquence and books for speech, and for bringing philosophy and the physical science methodology into the moral sciences’. The teaching at this level would be more specialized. Pupils would choose their own course of study (at least two courses a year) from among four classes: mathematics and physics, moral and political sciences, science as applied to the arts, and literature and fine arts. 4. Lycee the equivalent of universities, with the same classes as the institutes and ‘where all the sciences are taught in full. It is there that scholars-teachers receive their further training’. Education at this and the first three levels was to be entirely free of charge. 5. National Society of Science and the Arts a research institute responsible for supervising the formal education system as a whole and for appointing teachers. Its role would be one of scientific and pedagogical research. 3. Jean Jacques Rousseau According to the history of education, he was the first great writer to insist that education should be based upon the nature of the child. Rousseau’s Emile is a kind of half treatise, half novel that tells the life story of a fictional man named Emile. In the history of education, the significant contributions of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi are: 1) his educational philosophy and instructional method that encouraged harmonious intellectual, moral, and physical development Pestalozzis most systematic work, How Gertrude Teaches Her Children (1801) was a critique of conventional schooling and a prescription for educational reform. Rejecting corporal punishment, rote memorization, and bookishness, Pestalozzi envisioned schools that were homelike institutions where teachers actively engaged students in learning by sensory experiences. Such schools were to educate individuals who were well rounded intellectually, morally, and physically. Through engagement in activities, students were to learn useful vocations that complemented their other studies. 2) his methodology of empirical sensory learning, especially through object lessons Pestalozzi designed object lessons in which children, guided by teachers, examined the form (shape), number (quantity and weight) of objects, and named them after direct experience with them. 3) his use of activities, excursions, and nature studies that anticipated Progressive education. He also emphasized the importance of the nature of the child and propounded (advocated) that in the educational process, the child must be thought in relation to the subject matter. He sought to understand the nature of the child and to build his teaching around the natural, progressive and harmonious development of all the powers and capacities. He is an advocate of each man’s right to education and of society’s duty to implement that right and pave the way to universal national education. His motto Learning by head, hand and heart is still a key principle in successful 21st-century schools. 5. Friedrich Froebel The German educator, Friedrich Froebel, was one of these pioneers of early childhood educational reform. Froebel’s educational principles: a) free self-activity As an educator, Froebel believed that stimulating voluntary self-activity in the young child was the necessary form of pre-school education (Watson, 1997a). Self-activity is defined as the development of qualities and skills that make it possible to take an invisible idea and make it a reality; self-activity involves formulating a purpose, planning out that purpose, and then acting on that plan until the purpose is realized (Corbett, 1998a). Corbett suggests that one of Froebels significant contributions to early childhood education was his theory of introducing play as a means of engaging children in self-activity for the purpose of externalizing their inner natures. ) creativity Froebel designed a series of instructional materials that he called gifts and occupations, which demonstrated certain relationships and led children in comparison, testing, and creative exploration activities (Watson, 1997b). A gift was an object provided for a child to play withsuch as a sphere, cube, or cylinderwhich helped the child to understand and internalize the concepts of shape, dimension, size, and their relationships (Staff, 1998). The occupations were items such as aints and clay which the children could use to make what they wished; through the occupations, children externalized the concepts existing within their creative minds (Staff, 1998). Therefore, through the childs own self-activity and creative imaginative play, the child would begin to understand both the inner and outer properties of things as he moves through the developmental stages of the educational process. c) social participation A third component of Froebels educational plan involved working closely with the family unit. Froebel believed that parents provided the first as well as the most consistent educational influence in a childs life. Since a childs first educational experiences occur within the family unit, he is already familiar with the home d) motor expression Motor expression, which refers to learning by doing as opposed to following rote instructions, is a very important aspect of Froebels educational principles. Froebel did not believe that the child should be placed into societys mold, but should be allowed to shape his own mold and grow at his own pace through the developmental stages of the educational process. 6. John Dewey He contributed the educational philosophy which maintains that education is life, education is growth and education is a continuous reconstruction of human experiences from the beginning to the end of life. He was the spokes person of progressive education which states that aims have significance only for persons, not for processes such as education, and arise only in response to problematic situations in ongoing activities. Aims are to be viewed as anticipated outcomes of transactions, as intrinsic aspects of the process of problem-solving, and as a motivating force behind the individual’s approach to problem-solving situations. The Progressive Education Association, inspired by Dewey’s ideas, later codified his doctrines as follows: a. The conduct of the pupils shall be governed by themselves, according to the social needs of the community. b. Interest shall be the motive for all work. c. Teachers will inspire a desire for knowledge, and will serve as guides in the investigations undertaken, rather than as task-masters. d. Scientific study of each pupil’s development, physical, mental, social and spiritual, is absolutely essential to the intelligent direction of his development. . Greater attention is paid to the child’s physical needs, with greater use of the out-of-doors. f. Cooperation between school and home will fill all needs of the child’s development such as music, dancing, play and other extra-curricular activities. g. All progressive schools will look upon their work as of the laboratory type, giving freely to the sum of educational knowledge the results of their experi ments in child culture. He believed that education has two sides: the psychological and the social on the same plane. Education must start from the psychological nature of the child as the basis for directing his energies into totally useful channels. Schools must be set up to include bond the individual and social goals. The needs of a new society are to be taken into consideration in modifying methods and curriculum. 7. Ovide Decroly He influenced instruction in the kindergarten, the aim of which was to guide the child’s desire for activity and to give him a sense of discipline and norms for his social behavior (same with Dewey) 8. Maria Montessori Maria Montessori left a long lasting mark on education around the world.

Life on the frontier Essays - Guggenheim Fellows, Borders, Frontier

Billington's point of view several lines in to America's Frontier Heritage begins with a philosophical question, he poses the question, ?Do they consider their fellow men as equals, or as inferiors and superiors?....? By they Billington is referring to America and in this case specifically to the people of the time he is discussing, people of the frontier in the aforementioned 19th and early 20th century. This quote would be the one posed to I, the reader, throughout not only his book but Limerick's as well. Billington begins by explaining the foundation on which the country was built on, the thought of ?equality? and ?individualism.? These two words as many know are core virtues America was built on along with free enterprise, the pursuit of happiness and essentially the right to earn as much as you work for. All tremendous things that this country since day one has thrived on but the theme Billington implies throughout is that these products of life came without obstacles to most i f not all. He states ?Nowhere could a stake in society be more easily obtained,? interesting, because as most are aware this ?frontier? time was the heart of the most extreme segregation and lack of acceptance unless you were of a specific demographic. Reading along further in the book Billington begins to narrow in on what his essential, main point was to begin with. Which seems to be America is a land for all individuals to come to and prosper without government interference. I realized this upon Billington stating ?....where superabundant opportunity allowed each to rise or fall to his proper level as long as governments did not meddle.? At first Billington seems to be taking the naive route of that America since day one has been a perfect melting pot for all colors and types of people to thrive without resistance much of this sense came from his frequent claims of everyone being ?neighborly? and getting along in the communities. Upon finishing reading it became more obvious this was not his intention at all. His intention was to describe America as a land where government will not interfere which was unheard of to nearly all from every corner of the globe. That it is great here because if you came to America you would have a ch ance, without a lord taking your income for a ?tax,? or a ruler telling you where to live and for this I entirely agree. The Legacy of Conquest brings up an entirely different perspective then Americas Frontier Heritage. Limerick narrates the other side of the story, one would probably say ?uglier? side. She discusses the lesser known hardships endured by the people who at the time frankly just were not as relevant as the majority. The frontier of the West as she describes was yes a diverse place where many could move to to make a living and settlement but if you were not of the majority you would almost definitly encounter resistance. The reputation of the West was that of where minorities: Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Certain Europeans etc. could go to live, ?free? of the South's and Northeast's individual prejudices. This was quite a mirage that most did not see, notice, or at the time frankly care about. She uses the example of Oregon in 1857. Oregon was much opposed to slavery which of course sounded good to the Freedmen but, as Limerick state ?....they also opposed intrusion of free blacks.? Limeri ck brings up the point of was the West and America in that case really such a welcoming place? It seems to be that unless you were white and protestant honestly it was not quite so welcoming. The books, America's Frontier Heritage and The Legacy of Conquest, written by Ray Allen Billington and Patricia Nelson Limerick, respectively, each provide extremely compelling and contrasting views of the frontier in the 19th and early 20th century. Despite the obvious and apparent differences on points of view, neither I believe can be credited with a definite ?wrong? or ?right? assessment. I agree and disagree with both on various points but without dispute I believe bring up tremendous points and valid information that everyone can understand