Genesis Of Army Air Defence History Essay

Genesis Of Army port denial History EssayWhat happened in Kuwait Iraq necessitates a retrospect of the attitude towards the army conduct disproof mechanism and the countrys entire AD system.. When we ask ourselves, did it work in Iraq, we have the answer, mostly it did not.Russian Minister of Defence YazovNATO defines direct defense force as all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile snap action. They include ground and air establish weapon systems, associated sensor systems, reign and control arrangements and passive measures. It may be to protect naval, ground and air forces wherever they are. However, for most countries the main effort has tended to be home cut back falsifying. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare2. projectile defence is an extension of air defence as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting potentially any projectile in flight. In some cou ntries, such as Britain and Germany in World War II, the Soviet Union and NATOs European bidding, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under(a) integrated command and control. Nevertheless, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, forces in the area, wherever they are, invariably deploy their let air defence capability generally referred to as Army pedigree Defence. A surface based air defence capability can also be deployed offensively to deny the use of airspace to an opponent. This is the central idea of this article.THE EVOLUTIONThere are two things that make line of products Defence (AD) necessary something to plump for and an airborne menace. The threat from air existed earlier than the airplane. There existed a concept of air defence much before the Write Brothers flew the first aircraft in 1903. In August 1861, an American Aeronaut while on his balloon, reported the first anti aircraft fire3. This wa s one of the pionee spring attempts in active air defence. The air defence artillery (ADA) began its ontogenesis, when Col RP Davidson of USA built the first automatic AD weapon around 19094. However, very precise work was done in the land of AD Doctrine, as the military leaders were yet to realize the importance of air defence. The substantial air threat encountered in World War I triggered the readyment of dedicated ADA. In 1914, when the Allied air attacks on Germany became more persistent, the Germans exploited this new weaponry and called it Flugzug Abwehr Kanomen or Flak5. Sound location and chase lights were the main means of surveillance. The establishment of London transmission line Defence Area (LADA) in July 1917, was pivotal as it was the first step towards centralization integration of assets standardised FF units, AA Gun Batteries Search Light Batteries into one entity.At the end of World War I, to facilitate quick demobilization, the AD elements of great pow ers were broken up. During the inter-war period with the evolution of AF, to control Englands airspace Air Defence Great Britain (ADGB) was formed in 1925. This was the first era AF was integrated for the AD which had two distinct elements Royal AF bombing Formations and the Fighting Area. Fighting Area was made up of ten sectors under GOC Ground Troops who would control all ground base elements of AD6. The fort artillery unit was also abolished and its AD units were transferred to Field Artillery. In 1930s the development of radars brought about another renaissance for the AD and fostered induction of surveillance radars and better guns. The Abyssinian Crisis in October 1935 saw the first overseas deployment of AD, when the 1st AD Brigade was deployed in Egypt to protect the English against Italian attacks. The Ground Commander continued to be in charge of the local air defences as he could coordinate allocation of resources, Passive AD (PAD) measures and deception. Procedural A ir Control measures were conceived by the Japanese subsequently the US Doolittle Raids on Japan in 19427. However, at no time were the interceptors and ADA placed under a case-by-case commander8. The Japanese overwhelm through air power is one classic example of the enormous price a nation had for inadequacies and poor air defences.It was Japanese air threat in SE Asia during the Second World War which forced British Government to raise AD units in India. Thus the history of AD Artillery in India began 1939 onwards when a few Indian process began to be trained in the use of the 3 inch gun as fortune of the Anti-aircraft (AA) Batteries of Hongkong and Singapore Royal Artillery (HKSRA) and Indian Artillery. From 1941 onwards AA units and training establishments began to be raised in India.9The orgaisation of AA units and formations, though akin to artillery for command and control, evolved on the buns of gun density requirement for protection of Vulnerable Points and Areas. Duri ng the World War II, the Indian LAA Regiments were awarded for their dedication and acts of valour in the face of the enemy. At the time of naval division only two AD Artillery units viz 26 LAA and 27 LAA Regiments came to India while the oldest AA Establishment the 1 Training Battery failed to survive the partition10. We have begin a long way since thus, graduating from ACK ACK (AA) to the Air Defence Branch of Regiment of Artillery, creation of a fork Corps of AD Artillery in 1994 and then renaming it as Corps of Army Air Defence in 200511. However, a lot of ground remedy remains uncovered and today in violate of havingAIR DEFENCE ARTILLERY OF USAAir Defence Artillery originated from the Coast Artillery Corps which was created after the Revolutionary War to conserve the US coasts against naval attack and bombardment. As the US entered World War I in 1917, Coast Artillery units were detailed as Anti Aircraft Artillery(AAA) units. Weapons for these units were procured from Fr ance (75 mm Guns) just like a shot there was no doctrine. These units entered World War II beginning with the engagement of the Japanese at Pearl Harbor. German V2 Rockets led to the development of US field missile systems. Today AAA refers to the combat group that specializes in anti-aircraft weapons (such as surface to air missiles). In the US Army, these groups are composed of mainly air defence systems such as the PATRIOT projectile System, Terminal High Altitude Air Defence(THAAD), and the Avenger Air confession system which fires the FIM-92 Stinger missiles. The Air Defence Artillery branch descended from the Anti-Aircraft Artillery (part of the Field Artillery) into a separate branch on 20 June 196812.Eqpt.Corps AD/EACDIVADFUTURE DEVPREMARKSPAC 2 GEM(100KM/ 55KM)*AVENGERSLAMRAAM*RANGE/ ALTITUDEPAC 3 (100/ 55)STINGERMEADSTHAAD (200/ 150)BSFVC-RAMLINEBACKERSLAMRAAM Surface Launched Advance Medium set off Air to Air Missile MEADS Medium Extended AD System BSFV Bradley Stinge r Fighting Vehicle C-RAM Counter Rocket, Arty MortarDivision Air Defence(DIVAD) Units. These are Short Range Air Defence (SHORAD) battalions tailor made for the formations they support with each of them having about three to four batteries. Infantry, Mechanised Infantry, Armoured, Air Assault and Air Borne Divisions have their own DIVAD battalions.Non DIVAD units. These are High and Medium Air Defence(HIMAD) Battalions at both Corps and Echelons Above Corps (EAC) levels equipped with Patriot THAAD systems. The Patriot Battalions have about tailfin batteries. Patriot is a long-range, high and medium altitude, all-weather Air Defence system to counter Tactical Ballistic Missiles(TBMs), cruise missiles and advanced air craft. The menstruum force of 12 Patriot Bns, 13 Avenger Bns four AMD Bns is planned to be reorganized into 16 AMD Bns ( equipped with MEADS/ THAAD) nine SLAMRAAM Bns. The 32d Army Air and Missile Defense Command (AAMDC) is a one-of-a-kind theater level Army air an d missile defense multi-component organization with a worldwide, 72-hour deployment mission. 32d AAMDC consists of two brigades, 11th Air Defense Artillery and 35th Air Defense Artillery both stand ready to accomplish any mission anywhere, anytime in support of the warfighting CINC. Recent accident deployments to Southwest Asia and an intense exercise schedule in Korea exemplify the vital role and mission that the organization plays13.The Army Air and Missile Defence Command (AAMDC) is the Armys combat organization for planning, coordinating, integrating, and executing AD operations in support of the army service component commander (ASCC), the Army forces (ARFOR) commander, the joint force land component commander (JFLCC).14A majority of air and missile defence (AMD) coordination of interest to ADA occurs between the Area Air Defence Commander (AADC) and the JFLCC in most theatres. The JFLCC integrates Army capabilities into joint air and missile defence efforts through close coo rdination with the AADC. When the AAMDC is in theatre, the AAMDC commander will normally be designated the DAADC and will be the principal integrator for the JFLCC to the AADC on air and missile defence. An AAMDC liaison team works closely with the AADC and his staff and the BCD (Battle Space Coordination Center) to accomplish air and missile defence integration15.THE AIR DEFENCE OF RUSSIAThe first Soviet AD Units was raised with the est of 1st AAA Regt at Leningrad in 1924. The air def directorate was formed in 1932. In November 1941, motivated by increasing German raids on Moscow Leningrad, communityal Air Defence Forces or PVO Strany was formed and in 1948 it became a separate service16. The organisation of PVO was very peculiar as it had its separate AD air crafts. The Air Defence Forces formerly the Air Defense Troops of the Nation (Russian , Voyska ProtivoVozdushnoy Oborony, Voyska PVO and formerly ProvitoVozdushnaya Oborona Strany, PVO Strany) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces17. By 1958 separate service , AD of ground promenade PVO SV was established which was responsible for AD of army assets. Operating two different ADs, PVO Strany PVO SV and also two different AFs had its inherent command control problems. So, in 1981 PVO Strany was reorganised and its name was changed to Voyska PVO (AD Tps). The Army Air Def was made subordinate branch to Voyska PVO and was called the AD of Troops (Voyskovaya PVO). Prior to dissolution of Soviet Union, PVO was the second largest independent service of Soviet armed Forces and it consumed major handle of military allocation.18On disintegration of the Soviet Union, President Yeltsin signed a new defence policy document in Aug 1998 which established a single system of military administrative division of Russian territory. This replaced the earlier military districts with six integrated strategic areas or Zones. In 1998 the AD was merged with the Air Force (VVS) and by 2003 the RVSN i.e Strate gic Missile Force Army Aviation units were merged with AF. The AF is organised into six Air AD armies which are operationally under op control of military zone/district commanders. Each zone is divided into AD Districts Districts are further divided into AD Sectors . Air defence of Copernican areas is under Missile Bdes. Air surveillance and intelligence is responsibility of Radio Brigades. The overall AD system of Russian includes -Space defence troops.AD troops (Strategic).Army AD Troops.Naval Anti Aircraft Troops.DDocuments and SettingsAdm TrgDesktopCapture456.PNGEqpt.MISSILE BRIGADESARMY AD TROOPSFUTURE DEVPREMARKSSA-3 PECHORA(25KM/ 15KM)*SA-6 KVADRAT/ SA- 11 GRADFLYSA-20 TRIUMFS-400(400/30)*RANGE/ ALTITUDESA-10 GRUMBLE (200/ 90)SA -8 OSA AK/ SA-15PANTZYR S1 SPAD (4/6)SA-12 prizefighter (90/ 15)SA-19 TUNGUSKADZHIGIT(SA 16/18)SA-17 BUK M2 (42/25)$ SA-18 IGLA 2/SANTEY 2500/ S-300 VM (200/30)$ 4 TH GENERATIONSA-5 GAMMON (200/20)KS 30/ S-60/ ZU 23 GUN SYSRussian AD doctrine is defensive in nature. The anti aircraft fire is coordinated by the AD Sector and AD Missile Brigades are responsible for fire control in a particularized sector. The overall AD network is completely integrated with Ranzir CP, Baikal IE systems and Polyana 4E systems19, for each level, which get inputs from AWACS through compatible integrated data transfer system. They have actual the S- 300 series S-400 series of Missiles which are Counter Missile system. The deployment of S-400 began in 2007 and is likely to be completed by 2015.20The Russian R D is now focusing on point AD systems Counter missile Systems. Russia with the help of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries is developing a comprehensive AD structure which could birth depth to Russian Air space.THE AIR DEFENCE OF CHINAArmed with a formidable arsenal of nuclear weapons and rapidly maturing delivery capabilities, China has little to worry about in terms of major invasion. Since China is surrounded by pot ential adversaries, particularly the US Pacific Forces it deploys strong ground-based air-defenses to protect itself against sharp air attacks. The official terms for the PLAAFs AAA troops is gaoshepao bing/gaopaobing and the surface-to-air missile troops is dikong daodan bing/didao bing/daodan bing. However, the PLAAF occasionally refers to its AAA troops as first artillery (yipao), and SAM troops as second artillery (erpao), which is often confused with Chinas Second Artillery Corps (erpao).21During the 1950s, the Soviets exported air defence equipment to China. But the Khrushchev-era tensions put an end to that, and over time China proceeded to reverse engineer all of these Soviet designs. On 6 February 1964, during his meeting with Dr Qian Xuesen (Father of Chinese Rocketry), Chairman Mao again expressed his views on the importance of the missile defence capability. According to Mao, missile defence capability should not be dominated by the two superpowers only, and China must also develop its own missile defence weapons, no matter how long it would take. This conversation, later known as 640 Directive, led to a missile defence system that could defend the country against nuclear-armed strategic missile attacks22. Early models SA-2 Guidelines from USSR were reverse engineered and entered service as the HQ-1 and soon after HQ-2 systems. Since the year 2000, HQ-2 remains a major cornerstone of Chinese air defenses23. In the 1960s-80s the main strategic adversary was USSR and consequently most air defenses are concentrated in the north of the country24. Chinese attempts at indigenous SAMs were somewhat poor even after an injection of Western technologies during the 1970s and 80s. In the 1990s and 2000s the focus had returned to the financial hub of Shanghai (and now Hong Kong) and the chinaware Straits. PLAAF has upgraded its air defense (non-aircraft) capabilities which involves three of the PLAAFs branches SAM, AAA, and radar troops. It is expending treme ndous effort establishing an Integrated Air Defence System (IADS) at both the strategic (SADS) and tactical (TADS) levels.25SADS Integrates Naval, Space ABM TADS Integrates PLAAF PLA AD as explained in the figure below.The Automated Air Defense Command and Control System IBACS identifies targets, evaluates threats, allocates forces, and guides fighters. It also commands surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and defensive artillery (AAA), and it includes tactical air defense systems (TADS) and fixed radars. A sector operations center is linked with three TADS, various air bases, AAA sites, SAM units, radars, and ground and naval units26.Eqpt.REGIONAL ADFIELD ADFUTURE DEVPREMARKSHQ 9 (90KM/ 30KM)*TOR M1 ( SA-15)HQ -15 (SUPER S-300 )(200/25)*RANGE/ ALTITUDESA-10 GRUMBLE (200/ 90)S-300 PMUHQ -7 (FM -80)HQ 16 (SUPER TOR M1 (35/20)HQ-12 KS 1(50/ 25)HQ 64 (LY -60)HQ 17 (30/17)HQ -2 B(90/20)QW-3/ TY-90HQ 18 (400/35)PL-9/ HQ 61 AABM SYSMANPADS ( QW271,2,3 HN 5)QW emailprotected 4 TH GENERATION 14.5MM/ 23 MM/ 25MM/ 35 MM/ 57 MM/ 85MM GUNS.TYPE 95 GUN MISSILE SYSTEMGUN SYSTEMSThe Chinese AD Doctrine post 2006 follows an Active AD Strategy with offensive and defensive character. Its deployment follows Three Strike or San Da concept which is a three ring layered deployment which is Key Area/ Key Point centric. Overall the countrys AD posture follows a front light and rear heavy pattern with institutionalise Passive Air Defence (PAD) measures. Despite significant improvement in military C4I, Chinese ability to control sophisticated military operations still lags behind current western standards and its varied AD equipment are yet to be battle tested.PAKISTANSince most of our discussions all these years have been Pak centric, the readers would be long-familiar with its AD organization and setup. However, I wish to bring out certain salient aspects which are some recent developments-Pak AD Studies (AADS 2000) and Study by HQ 4 AD Division in Jan 2008 has led to development of CLIAD (Comprehensive Layered Integrated Air Defence) Capability. This has ushered in era of variety of SAMs which are planned to be a mix of Western (30%) and Chinese (70%) equipment to be employed as under -Combat Zone. It would primarily consist of RBS -70, FIM-90 (Chinese) and a variety of SHORADS (Short Range Air Defence Systems).Communication Zone. Low and Medium Altitude AD Systems (LOMAD) consisting of BAMSE (Sweden) and KS 2/ LY 60 D (China).Rear Areas. HIMADS comprising LD 2000 (China) and Phalanx (US). Both these systems are also exposed of tackling all forms of missile threat.It has already authorized integral AD Regiments to its Infantry Artillery Divisions and is reorganizing the existing units to absorb new equipment thereby increasing the density of AD in Combat Zone.Redefining the Mission Of Army AD.Existing Mission. To provide ground based air defence to operationally critical assets/areas in harmony with image land air operations, nullifying or reducing the eff ectiveness of hostile air attacks and surveillanceRedefined Mission . Provide AD cover against Low, Med and High alt air threat to national and tri Service VAsIVPs and field formations during defensive and offensive opsIn the new mission Pakistan is not only looking to cover its air defence in all the spectrums but is also seeking for a better integration between the air defence forces with the other ground forces.Integrated AD concept implies provision of terminal def to PAF bases, CZ, VAs of national imp and create cone of AD wpns in specific areas of CZ in harmony with own air-land ops in order to cause max attrition on adversarys (Indian) air force.